代零售（Modern Retail）的釋義
現(xiàn)代零售是指利用先進(jìn)的技術(shù)、管理方法和服務(wù)理念，為消費(fèi)者提供更加高效、便捷和個性化的購物體驗的零售模式。
現(xiàn)代零售與傳統(tǒng)零售的主要區(qū)別在于其創(chuàng)新的經(jīng)營模式和對技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用。
現(xiàn)代零售的核心在于利用科技和數(shù)據(jù)來提升零售運(yùn)營效率、改善客戶體驗和優(yōu)化供應(yīng)鏈管理的零售業(yè)態(tài)，從而在競爭激烈的市場中獲得優(yōu)勢。
現(xiàn)代零售的主要特征
1、多渠道零售：現(xiàn)代零售商通過線上和線下渠道相結(jié)合，提供無縫的購物體驗。這種模式被稱為全渠道零售（Omni-channel Retail），使消費(fèi)者可以通過網(wǎng)站、移動應(yīng)用、社交媒體、實體店等多種途徑購買商品。
2、自動化和技術(shù)應(yīng)用：現(xiàn)代零售廣泛應(yīng)用各種先進(jìn)技術(shù)，如自動化倉儲、機(jī)器人配送、自助結(jié)賬系統(tǒng)、人工智能和大數(shù)據(jù)分析。這些技術(shù)不僅提高了運(yùn)營效率，還能夠更好地了解和滿足消費(fèi)者需求。
3、顧客體驗為中心：現(xiàn)代零售強(qiáng)調(diào)以顧客體驗為核心，通過個性化推薦、忠誠度計劃、便捷的退換貨政策和優(yōu)質(zhì)的客戶服務(wù)來吸引和保留顧客。
4、供應(yīng)鏈優(yōu)化：現(xiàn)代零售通過供應(yīng)鏈管理系統(tǒng)和數(shù)據(jù)分析，優(yōu)化庫存管理、減少浪費(fèi)和提高供應(yīng)鏈的響應(yīng)速度。這包括實時跟蹤庫存、優(yōu)化補(bǔ)貨策略和縮短交貨時間。
5、可持續(xù)發(fā)展：許多現(xiàn)代零售商注重可持續(xù)發(fā)展，推廣環(huán)保產(chǎn)品和減少碳足跡。他們采用可再生能源、減少包裝材料和推動循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)等舉措，以響應(yīng)消費(fèi)者對環(huán)境友好產(chǎn)品的需求。
現(xiàn)代零售的主要組成部分
1、大型零售商和連鎖店：現(xiàn)代零售通常由大型連鎖超市、百貨商店、專賣店和大賣場主導(dǎo)。這些零售商通過規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化操作來提高效率和降低成本。
2、電子商務(wù)：這是現(xiàn)代零售的重要組成部分，通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)平臺銷售產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)。電子商務(wù)的興起改變了傳統(tǒng)零售的銷售模式和消費(fèi)者購物習(xí)慣 。
3、全渠道零售（Omnichannel Retailing）：這是指零售商通過多個渠道（如實體店、網(wǎng)站、移動應(yīng)用等）提供一致的購物體驗。全渠道零售的目的是讓消費(fèi)者在不同渠道間無縫切換? ?。
4、物流和供應(yīng)鏈管理：現(xiàn)代零售強(qiáng)調(diào)高效的物流和供應(yīng)鏈管理，以確保快速交付和庫存優(yōu)化。這包括使用自動化倉儲系統(tǒng)和即時配送服務(wù)? 。
5、社交媒體和數(shù)字營銷：利用社交媒體平臺和數(shù)字營銷工具來吸引和保留客戶。現(xiàn)代零售商通過社交媒體廣告、影響者營銷和內(nèi)容營銷等方式來提升品牌知名度和銷售? 。
6、客戶體驗：現(xiàn)代零售注重提供優(yōu)質(zhì)的客戶體驗，包括良好的購物環(huán)境、便捷的支付方式、個性化的營銷和高效的售后服務(wù)。
7、數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動：現(xiàn)代零售商利用大數(shù)據(jù)和數(shù)據(jù)分析來了解消費(fèi)者行為、預(yù)測需求、優(yōu)化庫存和制定營銷策略，從而提升銷售和客戶滿意度。
現(xiàn)代零售的主要代表企業(yè)
1、沃爾瑪（Walmart）：作為全球最大的零售商之一，沃爾瑪通過大規(guī)模的供應(yīng)鏈管理和信息技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，實現(xiàn)了高效的運(yùn)營和低成本的商品供應(yīng)。
2、亞馬遜（Amazon）：亞馬遜結(jié)合了電子商務(wù)和實體零售，通過先進(jìn)的技術(shù)平臺和物流系統(tǒng)，提供多樣化的商品和快捷的配送服務(wù)。并且其Prime會員服務(wù)提供快速配送和其他附加服務(wù)。
3、宜家（IKEA）：宜家通過其線上線下結(jié)合的模式、智能家居產(chǎn)品和環(huán)保舉措，成為現(xiàn)代零售的典范。
4、颯拉（Zara）：結(jié)合線上線下的銷售模式，利用快速時尚（fast fashion）策略，迅速響應(yīng)市場需求。
結(jié)語
現(xiàn)代零售在技術(shù)和消費(fèi)者需求的驅(qū)動下，正在迅速發(fā)展和變革。外貿(mào)企業(yè)需要不斷創(chuàng)新和調(diào)整策略，以適應(yīng)不斷變化的市場環(huán)境和消費(fèi)者期望。外貿(mào)人只有及早掌握客戶動態(tài)趨勢，才能預(yù)判客戶痛點(diǎn)需求，提供更好的服務(wù)。
本期福利
#外貿(mào)#
編者按
在本系列文章中，我們梳理了頂刊Management Science2月份發(fā)布有關(guān)OR/OM以及相關(guān)應(yīng)用的文章之基本信息，旨在幫助讀者快速洞察行業(yè)/學(xué)界最新動態(tài)。本文為第一部分（1/2）。
● 題目：Retail Buyer and Manufacturer Influence
零售買手與制造商的影響
● 原文鏈接：https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.2021.01646
● 作者：Upender Subramanian , Z. John Zhang
● 發(fā)布時間：2024.02.05
● 摘要：
Retailers often employ professionals known as retail buyers to determine the right quantities of products to order. However, in many economies and industries, a manufacturer may seek to unduly influence the buyer through various means. One such means is to offer the buyer kickbacks (incl. entertainment, travel, gifts) in return for a large order. Despite prominent examples of retailers taking initiatives against kickbacks, the practice persists in many economies and industries. To aid initiatives combating kickbacks, one needs to do the right diagnosis and identify the root cause. To this end, in this paper, we introduce the retail buyer as a distinct player in the retail channel and study the implications of the tug-of-war between the retailer and the manufacturer to influence the buyer. Interestingly, we find when kickbacks are feasible, the manufacturer need not always benefit, and the retailer need not always be the victim. We show a well-designed buyer compensation plan is key for the retailer to avoid kickbacks from distorting the buyer’s demand assessments. Moreover, when the reputational harm from kickbacks is not too high, the retailer may be the one tacitly facilitating kickbacks by undercompensating the buyer and influencing her demand assessments such that it can leverage kickbacks for shifting some of its buyer compensation cost to the manufacturer. This sharing of cost may allow for better channel coordination. Furthermore, this cost-shifting mechanism of kickbacks we have identified in this paper can explain their persistence. No retailer tolerates kickbacks when the reputational harm is high.
零售商通常雇用被稱為零售買手的專業(yè)人員來確定訂購產(chǎn)品的正確數(shù)量。然而，在許多經(jīng)濟(jì)體和行業(yè)中，制造商可能會通過各種手段不當(dāng)?shù)赜绊戀I手。其中一種手段是向買手提供回扣（包括娛樂、旅行、禮物），以換取大額訂單。盡管有零售商采取行動反對回扣的突出例子，但這種做法在許多經(jīng)濟(jì)體和行業(yè)中仍然存在。為了支持打擊回扣的倡議，需要進(jìn)行正確的診斷并找出根本原因。為此，在本文中，我們將零售買手作為零售渠道中的一個獨(dú)立參與者，并研究零售商和制造商之間影響買手的“拉鋸戰(zhàn)”的影響。有趣的是，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)回扣可用時，制造商并不總是受益，零售商也并不總是受害者。我們展示了一個精心設(shè)計的買手薪酬計劃，這對于零售商避免回扣扭曲買手的需求評估至關(guān)重要。此外，當(dāng)回扣的聲譽(yù)損害不太嚴(yán)重時，零售商可能是在默許地通過低報酬買手并影響她的需求評估，以便利用回扣將部分買手薪酬成本轉(zhuǎn)嫁給制造商。這種成本共享機(jī)制可能有助于更好地協(xié)調(diào)渠道。此外，我們在本文中識別的回扣的這種成本轉(zhuǎn)嫁機(jī)制可以解釋它們?yōu)楹我恢贝嬖凇Ｔ诼曌u(yù)損害較大時，沒有零售商會容忍回扣。
● 題目：Are Political and Charitable Giving Substitutes? Evidence from the United States
政治捐贈和慈善捐贈是替代品嗎？來自美國的證據(jù)
● 原文鏈接：https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.2021.00845
● 作者：Pinar Yildirim , Andrei Simonov , Maria Petrova , Ricardo Perez-Truglia
● 發(fā)布時間：2024.02.05
● 摘要：
Using microdata from the American Red Cross (ARC) and the Federal Election Commission (FEC) in two natural experiments, we provide evidence that political giving and charitable giving are substitutes. In the first natural experiment, we estimate the effects of a positive shock to charitable donations to the ARC: foreign natural disaster events. We find that although charitable donations to ARC increase by 34.9% in the six weeks following a disaster, political donations decline by 18.8% in the same period. Put differently, each 1% increase in the charitable giving to ARC is accompanied by a 0.53% drop in political donations. At the average county-week–level donations, the implied effect of a increase in charitable giving is a >Using microdata from the American Red Cross (ARC) and the Federal Election Commission (FEC) in two natural experiments, we provide evidence that political giving and charitable giving are substitutes. In the first natural experiment, we estimate the effects of a positive shock to charitable donations to the ARC: foreign natural disaster events. We find that although charitable donations to ARC increase by 34.9% in the six weeks following a disaster, political donations decline by 18.8% in the same period. Put differently, each 1% increase in the charitable giving to ARC is accompanied by a 0.53% drop in political donations. At the average county-week–level donations, the implied effect of a $1 increase in charitable giving is a $0.42 decline in political donations. In the second natural experiment, we estimate the effects of a positive shock to political giving: advertisements for political campaigns. Exploiting geographic discontinuities in advertising markets, we find that political advertisements increase political giving, whereas they decrease charitable donations to ARC. Our estimates imply that each 1% increase in the political giving is accompanied by a 0.59% drop in charitable donations to ARC. At the average county-week–level donations, the implied effect of a $1 increase in political giving is a $0.33 decline in charitable donations. The crowding-out elasticities suggest that political giving and charitable giving are relatively close substitutes. We provide a number of robustness checks, and we discuss potential causal mechanisms<.42 decline in political donations. In the second natural experiment, we estimate the effects of a positive shock to political giving: advertisements for political campaigns. Exploiting geographic discontinuities in advertising markets, we find that political advertisements increase political giving, whereas they decrease charitable donations to ARC. Our estimates imply that each 1% increase in the political giving is accompanied by a 0.59% drop in charitable donations to ARC. At the average county-week–level donations, the implied effect of a increase in political giving is a >Using microdata from the American Red Cross (ARC) and the Federal Election Commission (FEC) in two natural experiments, we provide evidence that political giving and charitable giving are substitutes. In the first natural experiment, we estimate the effects of a positive shock to charitable donations to the ARC: foreign natural disaster events. We find that although charitable donations to ARC increase by 34.9% in the six weeks following a disaster, political donations decline by 18.8% in the same period. Put differently, each 1% increase in the charitable giving to ARC is accompanied by a 0.53% drop in political donations. At the average county-week–level donations, the implied effect of a $1 increase in charitable giving is a $0.42 decline in political donations. In the second natural experiment, we estimate the effects of a positive shock to political giving: advertisements for political campaigns. Exploiting geographic discontinuities in advertising markets, we find that political advertisements increase political giving, whereas they decrease charitable donations to ARC. Our estimates imply that each 1% increase in the political giving is accompanied by a 0.59% drop in charitable donations to ARC. At the average county-week–level donations, the implied effect of a $1 increase in political giving is a $0.33 decline in charitable donations. The crowding-out elasticities suggest that political giving and charitable giving are relatively close substitutes. We provide a number of robustness checks, and we discuss potential causal mechanisms<.33 decline in charitable donations. The crowding-out elasticities suggest that political giving and charitable giving are relatively close substitutes. We provide a number of robustness checks, and we discuss potential causal mechanisms
利用美國紅十字會（ARC）和聯(lián)邦選舉委員會（FEC）的微觀數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行兩次自然實驗，我們提供了政治捐贈和慈善捐贈是替代品的證據(jù)。在第一個自然實驗中，我們估計了對ARC的慈善捐款的正面沖擊的效應(yīng)：外國自然災(zāi)害事件。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，盡管在災(zāi)難發(fā)生后的六周內(nèi)對ARC的慈善捐款增加了34.9％，但在同一時期政治捐款下降了18.8％。換句話說，每1％慈善給予ARC的增加伴隨著政治捐款的下降0.53％。在平均縣-周級別的捐款水平上，慈善捐贈每增加1美元，政治捐贈下降0.42美元。在第二個自然實驗中，我們估計了對政治捐款的正面沖擊的效應(yīng)：政治競選的廣告。利用廣告市場中的地理不連續(xù)性，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)政治廣告會增加政治捐贈，而減少對ARC的慈善捐贈。我們的估計表明，每1％政治捐款的增加伴隨著對ARC的慈善捐贈的下降0.59％。在平均縣-周級別的捐款水平上，政治捐贈每增加1美元，慈善捐贈下降0.33美元。替代彈性表明，政治捐贈和慈善捐贈是相對接近的替代品。我們提供了一系列魯棒性檢查，并討論了潛在的因果機(jī)制。
● 題目：Political Influence, Bank Capital, and Credit Allocation
政治影響，銀行資本與信貸分配
● 原文鏈接：https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.2022.04056
● 作者：Sheng Huang , Anjan V. Thakor
● 發(fā)布時間：2024.02.08
● 摘要：
Political influence on bank credit allocation is often viewed as being necessary to address social problems like income inequality. We hypothesize that such influence elicits bank capital responses. Our hypothesis yields three testable predictions for which we find supporting evidence. First, when banks observe election outcomes that suggest greater impending political credit-allocation influence, they reduce capital to increase fragility and deter political influence. Second, banks subject to greater political influence nonetheless increase lending that politicians favor, and household consumption consequently increases. Third, these banks exhibit poorer post-lending performance. Our study has implications for the interaction between politics, household consumption, and bank risk through a specific channel—the interplay between credit-allocation regulation and bank capital structure.
政治對銀行信貸分配的影響通常被認(rèn)為是解決社會問題如收入不平等所必需的。我們假設(shè)這種影響引起了銀行資本的響應(yīng)。我們的假設(shè)得出三個可檢驗的預(yù)測，同時我們找到了支持性的證據(jù)。首先，當(dāng)銀行觀察到即將有更大政治信貸分配影響的選舉結(jié)果時，它們會減少資本以增加脆弱性并阻止政治影響。其次，受到更大政治影響的銀行仍然增加了政治家青睞的貸款，因此家庭消費(fèi)增加。第三，這些銀行展現(xiàn)出較差的貸后表現(xiàn)。通過一個具體的渠道——信貸分配監(jiān)管和銀行資本結(jié)構(gòu)之間的相互作用，我們的研究對于政治、家庭消費(fèi)和銀行風(fēng)險之間的相互作用具有意義。
● 題目：Unifying Procedure-Dependent Preference Reversals: Theory and Experiments
統(tǒng)一程序獨(dú)立的偏好反轉(zhuǎn)：理論與試驗
● 原文鏈接：https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.2021.02640
● 作者：Liang Guo
● 發(fā)布時間：2024.02.09
● 摘要：
Revealed preferences between alternatives can be systematically reversed across a variety of elicitation procedures (e.g., choice, valuation, matching, joint/separate evaluation). These puzzling findings have been usually invoked to challenge the procedure invariance principle. Yet procedure-dependent preferences can be endogenous. This paper presents a unifying theory of contextual deliberation to account for seemingly disparate phenomena of preference reversals. When attribute importance is ex ante imperfectly known, people can engage in costly information retrieval/acquisition activities (i.e., deliberation) prior to making decisions. Elicitation procedures can influence revealed preferences through affecting the incentive for deliberation. Therefore, contextual deliberation can endogenously yield procedure-dependent preference reversals, offer a common microfoundation for extant psychological accounts (e.g., the prominence hypothesis, the evaluability hypothesis), and coherently organize apparently unrelated/inconsistent findings in the literature. We also run five experiments and document new findings that are inconsistent with extant hypotheses but can be reconciled by contextual deliberation.
在各種誘導(dǎo)程序（例如選擇、估值、匹配、聯(lián)合/獨(dú)立評估）中，替代方案之間的顯性偏好可能會系統(tǒng)地發(fā)生反轉(zhuǎn)。這些令人困惑的發(fā)現(xiàn)通常被用來挑戰(zhàn)程序不變性原則。然而，依賴于程序的偏好可能是內(nèi)生的。本文提出了一種有關(guān)情境思考的統(tǒng)一理論，以解釋偏好反轉(zhuǎn)的看似不同現(xiàn)象。當(dāng)屬性重要性事前不完全知曉時，人們在做決定之前可能會進(jìn)行昂貴的信息檢索/獲取活動（即思考）。誘導(dǎo)程序可以通過影響進(jìn)行思考的激勵來影響顯性偏好。因此，情境思考可以內(nèi)生地導(dǎo)致依賴于程序的偏好反轉(zhuǎn)，為現(xiàn)有的心理學(xué)解釋（例如突出假設(shè)、可評估性假設(shè)）提供一個共同的微觀基礎(chǔ)，并有條理地組織文獻(xiàn)中看似無關(guān)/不一致的發(fā)現(xiàn)。我們還進(jìn)行了五項實驗，記錄了與現(xiàn)有假設(shè)不一致但可以通過情境思考來解釋的新發(fā)現(xiàn)。
● 題目：Proximate (Co-)Working: Knowledge Spillovers and Social Interactions
近距（共同）工作：知識溢出與社交互動
● 原文鏈接 ：https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.2022.03555
● 作者：Maria P. Roche , Alexander Oettl , Christian Catalini
● 發(fā)布時間：2024.02.14
● 摘要：
We examine the influence of physical proximity on between-start-up knowledge spillovers at one of the largest technology coworking hubs in the United States. Relying on the exogenous assignment of office space to the hub’s 251 start-ups, we find that proximity positively influences knowledge spillovers as proxied by the likelihood of adopting an upstream web technology already used by a peer start-up. This effect is largest for start-ups within close proximity of each other and quickly decays; start-ups more than 20 meters apart on the same floor are indistinguishable from start-ups on different floors. The main driver of the effect appears to be social interactions. Although start-ups in close proximity are most likely to participate in social coworking space events together, knowledge spillovers are greatest between start-ups that socialize but are dissimilar. Ultimately, start-ups that are embedded in environments that have neither too much nor too little diversity perform better but only if they socialize.
我們研究了物理距離對美國最大科技聯(lián)合辦公中心之一中，初創(chuàng)企業(yè)之間的知識溢出的影響。通過為該中心的251家初創(chuàng)企業(yè)分配辦公空間的外生安排，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，企業(yè)之間接近程度會正面影響知識溢出，表現(xiàn)為采用同行初創(chuàng)企業(yè)已使用的上游網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的可能性。這種影響在彼此靠近的初創(chuàng)企業(yè)中最為顯著，但迅速減弱；在同一樓層上相距超過20米的初創(chuàng)企業(yè)與不同樓層的初創(chuàng)企業(yè)之間沒有明顯差異。這種影響的主要驅(qū)動因素似乎是社交互動。盡管接近的初創(chuàng)企業(yè)最有可能一同參與社交聯(lián)合辦公空間活動，但知識溢出在那些社交但不相似的初創(chuàng)企業(yè)之間最為顯著。最終，嵌入在既不過于多樣化也不過于單一的環(huán)境中的初創(chuàng)企業(yè)表現(xiàn)更好，但前提是它們參與社交互動。
● 題目：Disruptions, Redundancy Strategies, and Performance of Small Firms: Evidence from Uganda
業(yè)務(wù)中斷，冗余策略以及小型企業(yè)的表現(xiàn)：來自烏干達(dá)的證據(jù)
● 原文鏈接：https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4978
● 作者：Amrita Kundu , Stephen J. Anderson , Kamalini Ramdas
● 發(fā)布時間：2024.02.15
● 摘要：
We study the impact of firm-specific business disruptions on the performance of small emerging market firms and test the effectiveness of building in redundancies to buffer against disruptions. Managerial disruptions result in the absence of the entrepreneur-owner, whereas operational disruptions lead to a shortage of critical resources, for example, inventory or electricity. We propose the use of relational redundancy—that is, the availability of a trusted and capable person with whom the entrepreneur-owner has an existing relationship, who can manage the business in his or her absence—to recover from managerial disruptions. We also examine whether resource redundancy—for example, maintaining safety stock or electricity backup—helps recover from operational disruptions. In the absence of publicly available data, we hand-built a panel data set by interviewing 646 randomly selected small firms over four time periods in Kampala, Uganda. We find that disruptions are highly prevalent and have a statistically and economically significant effect on firm performance. When a firm faces multiple exogenous and severe disruptions in a six-month period, its monthly sales decrease by 13.8% (p?=?0.013), and its sales growth decreases by 18.8 percentage points (p?=?0.070). Importantly, we find that both managerial and resource redundancies can help firms build resilience against the negative impact of disruptions. In some cases, firms with high levels of redundancy are able to completely overcome the negative effect of disruptions on sales and sales growth. We discuss implications for entrepreneurs, policymakers, and large multinationals that buy from or sell to small emerging market firms.
我們研究了公司特定的業(yè)務(wù)中斷對小型新興市場企業(yè)績效的影響，并測試了構(gòu)建冗余以緩解中斷的有效性。管理中斷導(dǎo)致企業(yè)所有者/創(chuàng)業(yè)者的缺席，而運(yùn)營中斷則導(dǎo)致關(guān)鍵資源（例如庫存或電力）的短缺。我們提出了關(guān)系冗余的使用——即存在一個受信任且能力卓越的個人，與企業(yè)所有者/創(chuàng)業(yè)者存在現(xiàn)有關(guān)系，可以在其缺席時管理業(yè)務(wù)——以從管理中斷中恢復(fù)。我們還研究了資源冗余（例如，保持安全庫存或備用電源）是否有助于從運(yùn)營中斷中恢復(fù)。在缺乏公開可用數(shù)據(jù)的情況下，我們通過對烏干達(dá)坎帕拉的646家小型企業(yè)進(jìn)行了四個時間段的隨機(jī)采訪，手動構(gòu)建了一個面板數(shù)據(jù)集。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)中斷普遍存在，并對企業(yè)績效產(chǎn)生了統(tǒng)計學(xué)和經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)上顯著的影響。當(dāng)一個企業(yè)在六個月內(nèi)面臨多次外部且嚴(yán)重的中斷時，其月銷售額減少了13.8%（p=0.013），其銷售增長率減少了18.8個百分點(diǎn)（p=0.070）。重要的是，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)無論是管理冗余還是資源冗余都可以幫助企業(yè)對抗中斷的負(fù)面影響。在一些情況下，擁有高水平冗余的企業(yè)能夠完全克服中斷對銷售和銷售增長的負(fù)面影響。我們還討論了對創(chuàng)業(yè)者、政策制定者和與小型新興市場企業(yè)交易的大型跨國公司的影響。